拉丁美洲的历史——大英波旁改革|yabo亚博网站首页手机< /title> <link href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-81/dist/vendor-bundle.css?v=3.81.1" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-81/dist/mendel-css.css?v=3.81.1" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-81/dist/topic-page.css?v=3.81.1" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body data-ads-manager="cafeMedia" data-leg="B" class="new-topic topic-desktop first-page-false user-ANONYMOUS user-ads md-desktop leg-b"> <header id="header" class="bg-navy-dark shadow-lg border-bottom border-black"> <div class="grid gx-0 align-items-center"> <div class="col-auto order-1 order-sm-0 d-none d-sm-block"> <a href="//www.rctutku.com/" class="mx-10 mx-sm-20 d-flex align-items-center"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png" alt="大英百科全书yabo亚博网站首页手机" width="123"></a> </div> <div class="col grid"> <div class="col-65 col-md-40 col-lg-auto d-none d-sm-inline-block py-5 px-0"> <div class="global-nav-search-container"> <form method="get" action="/search" id="global-nav-search" class="md-search-form "> <div class="search-box position-relative col-100"> <label class="sr-only" for="global-nav-search-query">搜索大英百科全yabo亚博网站首页手机书< /label> <input name="query" id="global-nav-search-query" placeholder="Search Britannica..." class="form-control form-control-lg font-16 search-query pl-20 pr-70 shadow-sm" maxlength="200" autocomplete="off" aria-label="Search Britannica"> <button class="search-reset-btn btn btn-link px-10 position-absolute top-0 h-100 d-none" type="reset"><em class="material-icons" data-icon="close"></em></button> <button class="search-submit btn btn-link text-blue px-10 position-absolute top-0 right-0 h-100" type="submit" disabled><span class="sr-only">点击这里进行搜索< /span><em class="material-icons" data-icon="search"></em></button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="col d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="js-toggle js-toggle-hamburger btn btn-link link-white btn-sm rounded-0 ml-10 px-0"><em class="material-icons inactive-icon" data-icon="menu"></em><em class="material-icons active-icon" data-icon="close"></em><span class="d-none d-sm-inline-block ml-5 p-0">浏览< /span></button> <button class="d-sm-none js-toggle js-toggle-search-flyout btn btn-link link-white btn-sm rounded-0"><em class="material-icons inactive-icon" data-icon="search"></em><em class="material-icons active-icon" data-icon="close"></em></button> <a class="d-none d-md-inline-block link-white font-14 ml-20" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary">字典< /a> <a class="d-none d-md-inline-block link-white font-14 ml-20" href="//www.rctutku.com/quiz/browse">小测验< /a> <a class="d-none d-md-inline-block link-white font-14 ml-20" href="//www.rctutku.com/money">钱< /a> </div> </div> <div class="col-35 d-sm-none text-center"> <a href="//www.rctutku.com/" class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png" alt="大英百科全书yabo亚博网站首页手机" width="119"></a> </div> <div class="col-35 col-sm-auto text-right order-3 mr-lg-15 align-items-center d-flex justify-content-end"> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block"> <span class="marketing-HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_DESKTOP2 marketing-content" data-marketing-id="HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_DESKTOP2"><a href="https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=global-nav&utm_campaign=evergreen" class="subscribe-link btn btn-sm btn-orange-dark py-5 mr-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener">订阅< /a></span> </div> <div class="d-inline-block d-md-none"> <span class="marketing-HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_MOBILE marketing-content" data-marketing-id="HEADER_SUBSCRIPTION_MOBILE"><a href="https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=global-nav-mobile&utm_campaign=evergreen" class="subscribe-link btn btn-xs btn-orange-dark p-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">订阅< /a></span> </div> <button class="js-toggle-user-dropdown js-toggle btn btn-sm btn-link link-white rounded-0 px-md-15 pl-10 pr-5"><span class="d-none d-md-inline-block mr-5">登录< /span><em class="material-icons d-inline-block d-md-none font-20" data-icon="account_circle"></em><em class="material-icons inactive-icon d-inline-block font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_down"></em><em class="material-icons active-icon d-inline-block font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_up"></em></button> </div> </div> <div id="global-nav-react"> <ul class="d-none"> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/browse/Entertainment-Pop-Culture">娱乐与流行文化< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/browse/Geography-Travel">地理和旅游< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/browse/Health-Medicine">健康与医学< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/browse/Lifestyles-Social-Issues">生活方式和社会问题< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/browse/Literature">文学< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/browse/Philosophy-Religion">哲学与宗教< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/browse/Politics-Law-Government">政治、法律和政府< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/browse/Science">科学< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/browse/Sports-Recreation">体育和娱乐< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/browse/Technology">技术< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/browse/Visual-Arts">视觉艺术< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/browse/World-History">世界历史< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="d-none"> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/on-this-day">亚博体育手机安卓版历史上在这一天< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/quiz/browse">小测验< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/podcasts">播客< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary">字典< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/biographies">传记< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/summary">摘要< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/question">上面的问题< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/week-in-review">周检查< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/study/infographics">信息图< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/stories/demystified">揭秘< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/list/browse">列表< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/stories/wtfact"># WTFact< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/stories/companion">同伴< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/gallery/browse">图像画廊< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/stories/spotlight">关注的焦点< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/stories/the-forum">论坛< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/one-good-fact">一个良好的事实< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="d-none"> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/Entertainment-Pop-Culture">娱乐与流行文化< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/Geography-Travel">地理和旅游< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/Health-Medicine">健康与医学< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/Lifestyles-Social-Issues">生活方式和社会问题< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/Literature">文学< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/Philosophy-Religion">哲学与宗教< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/Politics-Law-Government">政治、法律和政府< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/Science">科学< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/Sports-Recreation">体育和娱乐< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/Technology">技术< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/Visual-Arts">视觉艺术< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/World-History">世界历史< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="d-none"> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/britannica-classics">yabo亚博网站首页手机《大英百科全书》经典<br>看看这些复古的视频从大英百科全书的档案。yabo亚博网站首页手机< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/demystified">揭秘视频<br>在启发,大英百科全书所有燃烧你的yabo亚博网站首页手机问题的答案。< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/wtfact"># WTFact视频<br>在# WTFact大英yabo亚博网站首页手机百科全书股票的一些最奇怪的事实我们可以找到。< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/this-week-in-history">这一次在历史上<br>本月在这些视频,找出发生了什么(或任何月!)的历史。< /a></li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/videos/explains">yabo亚博网站首页手机大英百科全书解释说<br>在这些视频中,大英百科全书解释了各yabo亚博网站首页手机种各样的主题和常见问题的答案。< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="d-none"> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/study/">学生门户< /a><br>yabo亚博网站首页手机大英百科全书是最终的学生资源等主要学习科目的历史,政府、文学,等等。< /li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/explore/savingearth/covid-19/">COVID-19门户< /a><br>虽然这全球健康危机继续发展,它可能是有用的看过去的今天更好地理解如何应对大流行。< /li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/explore/100women/">100名女性< /a><br>yabo亚博网站首页手机大英百科全书的百周年庆祝19修正案,凸显参政者和创造历史的政客。< /li> <li><a href="https://beyond.britannica.com">yabo亚博网站首页手机《大英百科全书》之外< /a><br>我们已经创建了一个新的地方,问题是学习的中心。去做吧。问。我们不会介意的。< /li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/explore/savingearth/">拯救地球< /a><br>yabo亚博网站首页手机大英百科全书给21世纪地球的待办事项清单。了解我们的星球所面临的主要环境问题和对他们能做些什么!< /li> <li><a href="//www.rctutku.com/explore/space/">SpaceNext50< /a><br>yabo亚博网站首页手机大英百科全书礼物SpaceNext50,从比赛到月球空间管理,探索各种各样的主题,我们对太空的好奇心!< /li> </ul> </div> </header> <main> <div class="md-page-wrapper"> <div id="content" class="md-content"> <div class="md-article-container template-desktop infinite-pagination"> <div class="infinite-scroll-container article last"> <article class="article-content content md-expanded" data-topic-id="331694"> <div class="grid gx-0"> <div class="col-auto"> <div class="family-panel md-article-drawer position-relative d-flex border-right-sm open"> <div class="drawer d-flex flex-column open"> <div class="family-panel-header d-lg-flex grid gx-0 align-items-center border-bottom bg-white col-auto"> <div class="col"> <div class="p-15 text-truncate"> <a class="font-serif font-weight-bold font-14 text-black link-blue" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America">拉丁美洲的历史< /a> </div> </div> <div class="col-auto d-lg-none"> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn-link btn btn-sm shadow-sm js-sections-button pl-0 pr-10 mr-10"><em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em>表的内容< /button> </div> </div> <div class="family-section-content p-10 p-lg-0 col"> <div class="d-lg-none family-panel-close-header grid gx-0 align-items-center border-bottom bg-white rounded-tl-lg rounded-tr-lg shadow"> <div class="col"> <div class="p-15 text-truncate"> <a class="font-serif font-weight-bold font-14 text-black link-blue" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America">拉丁美洲的历史< /a> </div> </div> <div class="col-auto"> <button class="js-sections-close-button btn-link btn-sm btn py-5 pl-0 pr-10 mr-10"><em class="material-icons " data-icon="close"></em></button> </div> </div> <div class="section-content pt-10 pb-15 pr-10 pl-5 h-100 shadow"> <div class="toc ARTICLE mb-20"> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0" data-level="h1"> <li data-target="#ref1"><a class="ml-25" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America">介绍< /a> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li> <li data-target="#ref60866"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America">背景< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60867"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America">土著世界和“印度”一词< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60868"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Types-of-Western-Hemisphere-societies">类型的西半球的社会< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60869"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Types-of-Western-Hemisphere-societies">久坐不动的人< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60870"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Types-of-Western-Hemisphere-societies">Semisedentary人民< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60871"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Types-of-Western-Hemisphere-societies">Nonsedentary人民< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60872"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Types-of-Western-Hemisphere-societies">伊比利亚人的< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60873"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Types-of-Western-Hemisphere-societies">城市< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60874"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Types-of-Western-Hemisphere-societies">家庭< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60875"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Ethnic-diversity-and-its-results">种族多样性及其结果< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60876"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Ethnic-diversity-and-its-results">海外的传统< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-target="#ref60831"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Ethnic-diversity-and-its-results">早期的拉丁美洲< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60832"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Ethnic-diversity-and-its-results">西班牙美国< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60833" class="has-children"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Ethnic-diversity-and-its-results">加勒比海相< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60834"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Ethnic-diversity-and-its-results">这个城市< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60835"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Indians-and-Spaniards">印第安人和西班牙人< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60836"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Indians-and-Spaniards">一个新的西班牙亚文化< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60837" class="has-children"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Indians-and-Spaniards">在中央大陆地区征服< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60838"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Indians-and-Spaniards">征服墨西哥< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60839"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Conquest-of-Peru">征服秘鲁< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60840" class="has-children"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Conquest-of-Peru">在中央大陆地区征服社会< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60841"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Conquest-of-Peru">中心区域的监护征赋制< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60842"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Conquest-of-Peru">工匠< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60843"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Conquest-of-Peru">西班牙女性< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60844"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Conquest-of-Peru">非洲人< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60845"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Indians-among-Spaniards">印度人在西班牙< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60846"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Indians-among-Spaniards">商务< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60847"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Indians-among-Spaniards">矿业< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60848"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Indians-among-Spaniards">制度、法律和知识的发展< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60849"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Indians-among-Spaniards">干线< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60850"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Postconquest-indigenous-society">Postconquest土著社会< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60851"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Postconquest-indigenous-society">中央区域的成熟时期< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60852"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-Spanish-fringe">西班牙的边缘< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60853"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-Spanish-fringe">巴西< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60854"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-Spanish-fringe">早期< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60855"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-sugar-age">糖的年龄< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60856"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-sugar-age">南< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60857"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Spanish-America-in-the-age-of-the-Bourbons">西班牙美国波旁家族的年龄< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60858"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Spanish-America-in-the-age-of-the-Bourbons">经济和社会< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60859" class="has-children"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Spanish-America-in-the-age-of-the-Bourbons">转换的东海岸< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60860"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Spanish-America-in-the-age-of-the-Bourbons">阿根廷< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60861"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Spanish-America-in-the-age-of-the-Bourbons">委内瑞拉< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60862"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Spanish-America-in-the-age-of-the-Bourbons">加勒比群岛< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60863"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-Bourbon-reforms">波本威士忌的改革< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60864"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-Bourbon-reforms">巴西在1700年之后< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60865"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-Bourbon-reforms">Preindependence现象< /a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-target="#ref60877"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="ml-25"></div> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-independence-of-Latin-America">拉丁美洲的独立< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li> <li data-target="#ref60878"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-independence-of-Latin-America">独立战争,1808 - 26所示< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60879"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-independence-of-Latin-America">西班牙美国< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60880"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-independence-of-Latin-America">在南美南部运动< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60881"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-north-and-the-culmination-of-independence">北部和独立的顶峰< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60882"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-north-and-the-culmination-of-independence">墨西哥和中美洲< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60883"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-north-and-the-culmination-of-independence">巴西< /a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-target="#ref60884"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Building-new-nations-1826-50">建立新的国家,1826 - 50< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60885"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Building-new-nations-1826-50">政治模型和寻找权威< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60886"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Building-new-nations-1826-50">宪法< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60887"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Disorder-and-caudillismo">障碍和caudillismo< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60888"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Disorder-and-caudillismo">经济障碍< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60889"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Disorder-and-caudillismo">社会变革< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60890"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Disorder-and-caudillismo">流动性和层次结构< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60891"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Disorder-and-caudillismo">社会制度< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-target="#ref60892"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-new-order-1850-1910">新秩序,1850 - 1910< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60893"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-new-order-1850-1910">政治和经济转型,1850 - 70< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60894"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-new-order-1850-1910">自由寡头时代,1870 - 1910< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60895"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/The-new-order-1850-1910">出口经济体< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60896"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Capitalism-and-social-transitions">资本主义和社会转型< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60897"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Capitalism-and-social-transitions">寡头政治的权力< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-target="#ref60898"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/New-order-emerging-1910-45">新订单出现,1910 - 45< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60899"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/New-order-emerging-1910-45">经济和社会发展< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60900"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/New-order-emerging-1910-45">世界大战和世界贸易< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60901"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/New-order-emerging-1910-45">新兴的民族主义力量< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60902"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/New-order-emerging-1910-45">人口和社会变革< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60903"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Challenges-to-the-political-order">挑战的政治秩序< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60904"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Challenges-to-the-political-order">墨西哥革命< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60905"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Challenges-to-the-political-order">政治参与的扩大< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60906"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Challenges-to-the-political-order">扩大政府角色< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60907"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Socialism-communism-fascism">社会主义、共产主义,法西斯主义< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60908"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Socialism-communism-fascism">好邻居政策和世界大战< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-target="#ref60814"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Latin-America-since-the-mid-20th-century">20世纪中期以来拉丁美洲< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60815"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Latin-America-since-the-mid-20th-century">战后世界,1945 - 80< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60816"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Latin-America-since-the-mid-20th-century">增长的经济议程和模式< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60817"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Latin-America-since-the-mid-20th-century">社会政策的发展< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60818"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Latin-America-since-the-mid-20th-century">美国和拉丁美洲在冷战时代< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60819"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Impact-of-the-Cuban-Revolution">古巴革命的影响< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60820" class="has-children"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Impact-of-the-Cuban-Revolution">政治选择< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60821"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Impact-of-the-Cuban-Revolution">运动走向民主< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60822"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Impact-of-the-Cuban-Revolution">民粹主义的出现< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60823"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Impact-of-the-Cuban-Revolution">基督教民主< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h4"> <li data-target="#ref60824"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Impact-of-the-Cuban-Revolution">官僚专制< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref60825"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Latin-America-at-the-end-of-the-20th-century">20世纪拉丁美洲的尽头< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60826"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Latin-America-at-the-end-of-the-20th-century">债务危机< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60827"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Latin-America-at-the-end-of-the-20th-century">回归民主< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60828"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Latin-America-at-the-end-of-the-20th-century">转向新自由主义< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60829"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Religious-trends">宗教的发展趋势< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref60830"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/Religious-trends">不断变化的社会< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="toc FAST_FACTS"> <div class="label pb-5 ml-15"> 快速的事实< /div> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 pb-20 " data-level="h1"> <li data-target="#Latin-America"><a class="w-95 ml-25" href="//www.rctutku.com/summary/Latin-America">拉丁美洲的总结< /a></li> <li data-target="#facts-Latin-America"><a class="w-95 ml-25" href="//www.rctutku.com/facts/Latin-America">相关内容< /a></li> <li data-target="#Quiz-331694"><a class="w-95 ml-25" href="//www.rctutku.com/facts/Latin-America">小测验< /a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="toc MEDIA"> <div class="label pb-5 ml-15"> 媒体< /div> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 pb-20 " data-level="h1"> <li data-target="#Images-Latin-America"><a class="w-95 ml-25" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/images-videos">图片< /a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="toc INFO"> <div class="label pb-5 ml-15"> 更多的< /div> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 pb-20 " data-level="h1"> <li data-target="#More-Articles"><a class="w-95 ml-25" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/additional-info" rel="nofollow">更多关于这个主题的文章< /a></li> <li data-target="#Additional-Reading"><a class="w-95 ml-25" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/additional-info" rel="nofollow">更多的阅读< /a></li> <li data-target="#contributors-Latin-America"><a class="w-95 ml-25" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/additional-info" rel="nofollow">贡献者< /a></li> <li data-target="#history-Latin-America"><a class="w-95 ml-25" href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Latin-America/additional-info" rel="nofollow">文章历史< /a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button class="drawerToggle btn position-sticky border btn-xs btn-white btn-circle rounded d-none d-lg-flex " type="button" aria-label="Toggle Drawer"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></em></button> </div> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="container p-0 p-sm-20 ml-0"> <div class="grid gx-0 gx-sm-20"> <div class="col-sm mendel-content-rail"> <div class="border-top"></div> <div class="infinite-pagination-container"> <div class="grey-box w-100 "> <div class="topic-content pt-sm-15"> <div class="mt-60 mt-sm-0"></div>  <span class="marker before-article"></span> <section id="ref" data-level="1"> <section id="ref" data-level="2"> <span id="ref60857" data-level="2"></span> <section id="ref60863" data-level="3"> <h1 class="h3">波本威士忌的改革< /h1>  <p class="topic-paragraph">的<span id="ref359901"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/event/Enlightenment-European-history" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">启蒙运动< /a>,在很大程度上发出<a href="//www.rctutku.com/place/France" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">法国< /a>,渗透<a href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Spain" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">西班牙< /a>由法国波旁家族的起源(辅助)和西班牙语<a href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Americas" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">美国< /a>在18世纪。的一部分世纪晚期,个人和组织社会在许多美国地区生产的期刊和书籍的法国百科全书编纂人的工作,促进原因、普遍性、科学、现代,<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="efficiency" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/efficiency" data-type="MW">效率< /a>。最西的作家,而欧洲电流保持密切联系,关注发展,实际上,他们自己的区域。< /p>  <span class="marker p1"></span>  <span class="marker AM1 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">启蒙哲学上重要的是政府,呼吁更理性的统一,效率,和自由教会的影响。西班牙王室的这种观点影响决策者,和一系列的维权皇家措施进行了18世纪的精神。然而,这些举措的时机和性质至少有尽可能多的和不断变化的环境<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="ideology" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ideology" data-type="MW">意识形态< /a>。大多数<span id="ref359902"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/reform-movement" class="md-crosslink">改革< /a>包在18世纪晚期,1739年创建的<span id="ref359903"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Viceroyalty-of-New-Granada" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">新格拉纳达总督的职位< /a>位于圣达菲(波哥大)是一个例外。< /p>  <span class="marker p2"></span>  <span class="marker AM2 am-inline">< /< /span> </section> </section> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </body> </html>