土耳其语言,20多的家庭阿尔泰语系语言由大约1.35亿人从巴尔干到西伯利亚中部。突厥是传统分为四组。东南或维吾尔族组包括维吾尔族,口语主要是在新疆,中国;口语主要是在乌兹别克斯坦,乌兹别克其他中亚共和国和阿富汗北部。西南,或者它,集团包括土耳其;阿塞拜疆(阿塞拜疆),口语在阿塞拜疆和伊朗西北部;乌克兰的克里米亚鞑靼人,主要是口语和乌兹别克斯坦;和土库曼,用于土库曼斯坦、伊朗北部,阿富汗北部。西北、钦察组包括哈萨克斯坦,口语在哈萨克斯坦,其他中亚共和国,和西方的中国和蒙古;吉尔吉斯斯坦,在吉尔吉斯斯坦,其他中亚共和国,和中国西部; Tatar; Baskhir, spoken in Bashkortostan and adjacent areas in Russia; Karachay-Balkar and Kumyk, spoken in the Russian Caucasus; and Karaim, with a few speakers in Lithuania and parts of southwestern Ukraine. The northeastern, or Altai, group comprises languages and dialects spoken in Siberia northeast of the Irtysh River and in adjacent parts of Mongolia, including Altai, Khakas, Shor, and Tuvan; and Sakha, spoken in Sakha (Yakutia) republic of Russia and adjacent areas. Distinct from all the other languages is Chuvash, spoken in Russia’s Chuvash republic and adjacent areas. The earliest attestations of Turkic are a group of 8th-century funerary inscriptions of northern Mongolia, in a distinctive writing system called runic script, or Turkic runes. With the Islamization of nearly all Turkic peoples southwest of the Irtysh beginningc。900年,土耳其语言开始采用阿拉伯语字母。今天,拉丁字母和斯拉夫字母更广泛使用。