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class="md-article-container template-desktop infinite-pagination"> <div class="infinite-scroll-container article last"> <article class="article-content content md-expanded" data-topic-id="294507"> <div class="grid gx-0"> <div class="col-auto"> <div class="family-panel md-article-drawer position-relative d-flex border-right-sm open"> <div class="drawer d-flex flex-column open"> <div class="family-panel-header d-lg-flex grid gx-0 align-items-center border-bottom bg-white col-auto"> <div class="col"> <div class="p-15 text-truncate"> <a class="font-serif font-weight-bold font-14 text-black link-blue" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing">铁处理< /a> </div> </div> <div class="col-auto d-lg-none"> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn-link btn btn-sm shadow-sm js-sections-button pl-0 pr-10 mr-10"><em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em>表的内容< /button> </div> </div> <div class="family-section-content p-10 p-lg-0 col"> <div class="d-lg-none family-panel-close-header grid gx-0 align-items-center border-bottom bg-white rounded-tl-lg rounded-tr-lg shadow"> <div class="col"> <div class="p-15 text-truncate"> <a class="font-serif font-weight-bold font-14 text-black link-blue" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing">铁处理< /a> </div> </div> <div class="col-auto"> <button class="js-sections-close-button btn-link btn-sm btn py-5 pl-0 pr-10 mr-10"><em class="material-icons " data-icon="close"></em></button> </div> </div> <div class="section-content pt-10 pb-15 pr-10 pl-5 h-100 shadow"> <div class="toc ARTICLE mb-20"> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0" data-level="h1"> <li data-target="#ref1"><a class="ml-25" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing">介绍< /a> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li> <li data-target="#ref81322"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="ml-25"></div> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing">历史< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li> <li data-target="#ref81323"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="ml-25"></div> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Ores">矿石< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li> <li data-target="#ref81324"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Ores">采矿和集中< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref81325"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Ores">肿块和罚款< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref81326"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Ores">破碎< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref81327"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Ores">烧结< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref81328"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Ores">集中< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref81329"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Ores">升级< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref81330"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Ores">造球< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-target="#ref81331"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Iron-making">铁制造< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref81332"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Iron-making">高炉< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref81333"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Iron-making">结构< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref81334"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Iron-making">操作< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref81335"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Iron-making">化学< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref81336"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Iron-making">直接还原(博士)< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref81337"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/Iron-making">熔融还原< /a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-target="#ref81338"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/The-metal">金属< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref81339"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/The-metal">热金属(高炉铁)< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref81340"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/The-metal">铸铁< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref81341"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/The-metal">白口铸铁< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref81342"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/The-metal">灰口铸铁< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref81343"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/The-metal">高合金铁< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref81344"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/The-metal">铸造方法< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref81345"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/The-metal">铁艺< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref81346"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/iron-processing/The-metal">铁粉< /a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-target="#ref81347"> 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<div class="container p-0 p-sm-20 ml-0"> <div class="grid gx-0 gx-sm-20"> <div class="col-sm mendel-content-rail"> <div class="border-top"></div> <div class="infinite-pagination-container"> <div class="grey-box w-100 "> <div class="topic-content pt-sm-15"> <div class="mt-60 mt-sm-0"></div>  <span class="marker before-article"></span>  <span class="marker h5"></span> <section id="ref81331" data-level="1"> <h1 class="h1">铁制造< /h1>  <p class="topic-paragraph">的主要目标<a href="//www.rctutku.com/science/iron-chemical-element" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">铁< /a>是释放铁与氧气化合,由于高炉是最有效的过程,这里接收最多的关注。<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="Alternative" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Alternative" data-type="MW">替代< /a>方法称为直接还原被用于在一个分数的国家,但只有不到5%的铁。第三组的列为熔融还原炼铁技术仍处于起步阶段。< /p>  <span class="marker p1"></span>  <span class="marker AM1 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span> <section id="ref81332" data-level="2"> <h2 class="h2">的<span id="ref622837"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/blast-furnace" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">高炉< /a></h2> <p class="topic-paragraph">高炉基本上是一个逆流和氧热换热器中燃烧气体上升的路上失去了大部分的热量,使炉子的温度大约200°C (390°F),而下行铁氧化物完全转化为金属铁。过程控制和生产力改进的考虑都遵循这些基本特性。例如,20世纪最重要的发展已经从使用随机开关大小均匀大小的烧结矿和球团矿的指控。定期的主要好处是,费用下降,没有坚持,因为粒径范围的缩小使得气体流更加均匀,<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="enhancing" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/enhancing" data-type="MW">加强< /a>接触下固体。(即使如此,不可能完全消除尺寸变化;至少,一些故障发生在烧结矿植物或焦炭炉,炉)。< /p>  <span class="marker p2"></span>  <span class="marker AM2 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD2 mod-inline"></span> <span id="ref81332" data-level="2"></span> <section id="ref81333" data-level="3"> <h2 class="h3">结构< /h2>  <div class="assemblies"> <div class="w-100"> <figure class="md-assembly card print-false" data-assembly-id="1535"> <div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media" data-type="image"> <a style=" min-height: 160px; " href="https://cdn.britannica.com/40/1540-004-89681BE4/diagram-blast-furnace-stove.jpg" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center media-overlay-link card-media" data-href="/media/1/294507/1535"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/40/1540-004-89681BE4/diagram-blast-furnace-stove.jpg?w=300&h=300" alt="高炉和热风炉" data-width="460" data-height="370" loading="eager"><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a> </div> <figcaption class="card-body"> <a class="md-assembly-title font-weight-bold mb-5 d-inline-block font-16 font-sans-serif media-overlay-link" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/40/1540-004-89681BE4/diagram-blast-furnace-stove.jpg" data-href="/media/1/294507/1535">高炉和热风炉< /a> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div>  <p class="topic-paragraph">炉本身是一个高大,由一个垂直轴<a href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/steel" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">钢< /a>壳牌的耐火内衬耐火砖和石墨。可以识别五个部分。底部是一个平行灶台,液体<a href="//www.rctutku.com/science/metal-chemistry" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">金属< /a>和<a href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/slag" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">渣< /a>收集,这是克服倒截锥称为<span id="ref622838"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/bosh" class="md-crosslink">波什< /a>。空气吹到炉<span id="ref622839"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/tuyere" class="md-crosslink">风口< /a>,水冷式喷嘴<a href="//www.rctutku.com/science/copper" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">铜< /a>和<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="mounted" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary/mounted" data-type="EB">安装< /a>炉的顶部接近与波什的结。短的垂直的章节<span id="ref622840"></span>波什平行,或桶,连接的波什截断锥是正直的人<span id="ref622841"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/stack-furnace" class="md-crosslink">堆栈< /a>。最后,第五和最高的部分,通过电荷进入炉,是<span id="ref622842"></span>喉咙。波什的衬里和灶台,最高温度发生,通常是由碳砖的,按生产和烤可口可乐的混合物,无烟煤和音高。碳更耐腐蚀的铁水和熔渣比铝硅酸盐耐火砖用于衬里的其余部分。耐火砖质量是衡量铝(Al<sub>2< /sub>0<sub>3< /sub>)内容,所以砖含有63%氧化铝用于波什平行,而45%的氧化铝对堆栈来说是足够的。< /p>  <span class="marker p3"></span>  <span class="marker AM3 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD3 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">直到最近,所有的高炉使用双钟系统电荷引入到堆栈。这个设备包含两个锥,称为钟,每一个都可以提供气密密封关闭。在操作,材料首先沉积在上,小铃,然后降低了一小段距离,让费用下降到更大的钟。接下来,铃铛是关闭,钟大降至允许电荷进入炉。这样,气体是阻止泄漏到大气中。因为很难均匀地分配负担了炉<a href="//www.rctutku.com/science/cross-section-physics" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">横截面< /a>有了这个系统,因为<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="abrasive" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary/abrasive" data-type="EB">磨料< /a>电荷的作用最终导致钟穿这气体泄漏发生时,越来越多的炉配有高炉顶部,从每个料斗中物料流的速度是由一个可调节门控制和交付的堆栈是通过旋转溜槽倾角可以改变。这种安排使好控制负担分布,因为连续的部分电荷可以放在炉不同直径的环。出最佳的炉性能的收费模式可以很容易被发现。< /p>  <span class="marker p4"></span>  <span class="marker AM4 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD4 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">高炉设计的一般原则如下。寒冷的电荷(主要是铁矿石和焦炭),进入堆栈的顶部,在温度增加<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="descends" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary/descends" data-type="EB">下降< /a>,所以它膨胀。为此堆栈直径必须增加让自由电荷向下移动,通常堆栈墙取代外6°7°角的垂直。最终,铁和渣发生融化,固体颗粒之间的孔隙充满了液体,以便有一个明显的减少体积。这需要一个较小的直径,因此波什壁山坡向内,使一个角的垂直范围6°9°。多年来,内部线路的火炉给其特点的形状发生了一系列的进化,但主要变更增加腰围,身高比波什平行已经逐步减少炉已经变得更大。< /p>  <span class="marker p5"></span>  <span class="marker AM5 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD5 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">多年来,接受的方法构建一个炉是利用钢壳给结构刚度和定期来支持与钢柱的堆栈炉。非常大的熔炉,质量太大,所以必须使用不同的施工,四个大列加入炉周边的箱形梁在堆栈的顶部附近的一个水平。钢壳仍然需要堆栈的质量,但炉前独立支持。< /p>  <span class="marker p6"></span>  <span class="marker AM6 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD6 mod-inline"></span> </section> <span id="ref81332" data-level="2"></span> <section id="ref81334" data-level="3"> <h2 class="h3">操作< /h2> <p class="topic-paragraph">固体费用提高到炉的顶部由液压操作跳过或传送带的使用。通过风口空气吹到炉预热温度在900°和1350°C(1650°和2450°F)<span id="ref622843"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/hot-blast-stove" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">热风炉灶< /a>,在某些情况下它是纯度高达25%的氧气。主要产品,熔融<a href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/pig-iron" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">生铁< /a>(也称为热金属或高炉铁),是利用定期从炉的底部。生产力是衡量产出除以炉的内部工作容积;2到2.5吨每立方米(125到150磅每立方英尺)可以获得每24小时从炉工作卷4000立方米(140000立方英尺)。< /p>  <span class="marker p7"></span>  <span class="marker AM7 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD7 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">两个副产品,渣和气体,也形成了。渣的叶子由相同的出铁口炉铁(在它浮动),和它的<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="composition" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/composition" data-type="MW">作文< /a>一般是30 - 40硅(SiO百分比的范围<sub>2< /sub>),5 - 15铝(Al百分比<sub>2< /sub>O<sub>3< /sub>),35 - 45石灰百分比(曹),5 - 15百分比氧化镁(分别)。气体退出的顶部炉主要由<a href="//www.rctutku.com/science/carbon-monoxide" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">一氧化碳< /a>(有限公司),<a href="//www.rctutku.com/science/carbon-dioxide" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">二氧化碳< /a>(有限公司<sub>2< /sub>)、氮(N<sub>2< /sub>);一个典型的组合将23%的股份有限公司,有限公司22%<sub>2< /sub>、3%的水和49% N<sub>2< /sub>。其净燃烧能量约十分之一的甲烷。这种气体,尘埃被移除后,连同一些焦炉煤气,在热风炉灶燃烧热空气吹在风口。热风炉灶实际上暂时蓄热设备组成的一个燃烧室和一个方格花样的耐火砖吸收热量燃烧期间。当<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="stove" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary/stove" data-type="EB">炉子< /a>足够热,燃烧停止和冷空气吹在相反的方向,以便方格花样投降的热空气,然后前往炉和通过风口进入。每炉有三个或四个炉灶确保热风的连续供应。< /p>  <span class="marker p8"></span>  <span class="marker AM8 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD8 mod-inline"></span> </section> <span id="ref81332" data-level="2"></span> <section id="ref81335" data-level="3"> <h2 class="h3">化学< /h2> <p class="topic-paragraph">高炉使用的内部运作的一个谜,但炼铁<a href="//www.rctutku.com/science/chemistry" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">化学< /a>现在得到很好的证实。可口可乐在空气中氧气燃烧爆炸附近的燃烧反应发生炉的底部立即在风口前:<span class="md-formula"><span id="ref-15506"></span><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/06/15506-004-66A57AAE/chemical-equation.jpg" alt="化学方程式。" class="inline-image-baseline"></span></p>  <span class="marker p9"></span>  <span class="marker AM9 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD9 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">反应产生的热量进行向上的上升气体和转移到<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="descending" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary/descending" data-type="EB">下行< /a>电荷。然后CO气体与氧化铁反应在堆栈,生产金属铁和有限公司<sub>2< /sub>:<span class="md-formula"><span id="ref-15505"></span><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/05/15505-004-95D3B69E/chemical-equation.jpg" alt="化学方程式。" class="inline-image-baseline"></span></p>  <span class="marker p10"></span>  <span class="marker AM10 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD10 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">并不是所有的氧气最初出现在这样的矿石被移除;一些剩余的氧化反应直接与碳在高温中遇到波什:<span class="md-formula"><span id="ref-15504"></span><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/04/15504-004-CFBC40CB/chemical-equation.jpg" alt="化学方程式。" class="inline-image-baseline"></span></p>  <span class="marker p11"></span>  <span class="marker AM11 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD11 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">软化和熔化的矿石发生在这里,金属液滴和通过一层渣形成和幕墙可口可乐收集放在壁炉上。< /p>  <span class="marker p12"></span>  <span class="marker AM12 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD12 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">引起铁氧化物的化学还原的条件也会影响其他氧化物。所有的五氧化二磷(P<sub>2< /sub>O<sub>5< /sub>)和一些硅和锰氧化物(MnO)减少,而磷、硅、和<a href="//www.rctutku.com/science/manganese" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">锰< /a>所有<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="dissolve" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary/dissolve" data-type="EB">溶解< /a>在热金属碳从可口可乐。< /p>  <span class="marker p13"></span>  <span class="marker AM13 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD13 mod-inline"></span> </section> </section> <section id="ref81336" data-level="2"> <h2 class="h2"><span id="ref622844"></span>直接还原(博士)< /h2> <p class="topic-paragraph">这是任何过程中,铁从矿石中提取的温度低于熔点的材料。煤矸石在海绵产品,被称为<span id="ref622845"></span>direct-reduced铁,或DRI,必须清除在随后的炼钢过程。只有高档矿石和颗粒由superconcentrates(66%铁)因此非常适合铁博士。< /p>  <span class="marker p14"></span>  <span class="marker AM14 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD14 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">直接还原主要用于特殊情况,经常与廉价的供应<a href="//www.rctutku.com/science/natural-gas" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">天然气< /a>。几个过程是基于使用稍微倾斜旋转窑,矿石,煤炭和可回收的材料被指控在上端,热量由石油或提供<a href="//www.rctutku.com/technology/gas-burner" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">煤气灶< /a>。结果是适度的,然而,基于燃气过程相比,许多进行<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="shaft" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary/shaft" data-type="EB">轴< /a>熔炉。在其中最成功的,称为Midrex(开发人员后,Midland-Ross公司)的一个部门,一个气体转化器转化甲烷(CH<sub>4< /sub>),一氧化碳和氢气的混合物(H<sub>2< /sub>这些气体)和提要的上半部分小竖炉。下行颗粒有化学还原的温度850°C (1550°F)。金属化冷却在底部轴在出院前的一半。< /p>  <span class="marker p15">< /< /span> </section> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </body> </html>