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data-target="#ref53439"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/crime-law/Gathering-evidence">收集证据< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref53440"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/crime-law/Gathering-evidence">审讯和忏悔< /a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-target="#ref261348"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/crime-law/Gathering-evidence">法院系统< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref261349"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/crime-law/Gathering-evidence">英美国家< /a> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref261350"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/crime-law/Gathering-evidence">起诉的决定< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref261351"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/crime-law/Trial-procedure">试验过程< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"> <li data-target="#ref261352"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/crime-law/Trial-procedure">量刑< /a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref53445"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/crime-law/Trial-procedure">欧洲大陆< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref261353"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/crime-law/Trial-procedure">俄罗斯< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref53451"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/crime-law/Trial-procedure">伊斯兰国家< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref53450"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/crime-law/Trial-procedure">非洲< /a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"> <li data-target="#ref53452"><a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/crime-law/Trial-procedure">中国< /a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-target="#ref53490"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> <div class="ml-25"></div> <a class="w-100" href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/crime-law/Crime-and-social-policy">犯罪和社会政策< /a> </div> <div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="toc FAST_FACTS"> <div class="label pb-5 ml-15"> 快速的事实< /div> <ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 pb-20 " data-level="h1"> <li data-target="#crime-law"><a class="w-95 ml-25" href="//www.rctutku.com/summary/crime-law">犯罪概述< /a></li> <li data-target="#facts-crime-law"><a class="w-95 ml-25" href="//www.rctutku.com/facts/crime-law">相关内容< /a></li> <li data-target="#Quiz-142953"><a class="w-95 ml-25" href="//www.rctutku.com/facts/crime-law">小测验< /a></li> </ul> 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</div> </div> <button class="drawerToggle btn position-sticky border btn-xs btn-white btn-circle rounded d-none d-lg-flex " type="button" aria-label="Toggle Drawer"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></em></button> </div> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="container p-0 p-sm-20 ml-0"> <div class="grid gx-0 gx-sm-20"> <div class="col-sm mendel-content-rail"> <div class="border-top"></div> <div class="infinite-pagination-container"> <div class="grey-box w-100 "> <div class="topic-content pt-sm-15"> <div class="mt-60 mt-sm-0"></div>  <span class="marker before-article"></span> <section id="ref" data-level="1"> <section id="ref" data-level="2"> <span id="ref261349" data-level="2"></span> <section id="ref261351" data-level="3"> <h1 class="h3"><span id="ref990951"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/criminal-procedure" class="md-crosslink">试验过程< /a></h1>  <p class="topic-paragraph">尽管普通法的国家采取了不同的行为和刑事审判程序安排,大部分这些国家通常遵循所谓的一个<span id="ref990950"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/adversary-procedure" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">对手的过程< /a>,在这<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="allegations" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary/allegations" data-type="EB">指控< /a>是由原告,被告拒绝,由一个公正的特里尔fact-judge或陪审团通常需要无罪释放被告是否有合理的怀疑关于内疚。英国刑事诉讼程序,采用对抗的方法,模型的许多普通法国家的法院系统开发(尽管独特不同的规则在苏格兰独立进化)。多年来英国刑事法庭之间的差异和其他普通法国家扩大在某些方面,但相同的基本原则仍然适用于后者的国家。多数普通法国家的法院系统提供两个或两个以上的刑事程序处理严重和转移病例和一组进一步的听证程序上诉审判法院的决定。< /p>  <span class="marker p1"></span>  <span class="marker AM1 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">刑事案件审判<a href="//www.rctutku.com/place/England" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">英格兰< /a>开始在一个<span id="ref990979"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/magistrates-court" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">治安法庭< /a>。这个法院有许多不同的功能,包括确定的审判模式,尝试的情况总结试验选择,和处理<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="ancillary" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ancillary" data-type="MW">辅助< /a>问题,比如<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/bail-law" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">保释< /a>和授予的<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/legal-aid" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">法律援助< /a>。很久以前,<span id="ref990931"></span>法官有权调查犯罪,但其功能现在完全关心adjudicatory阶段。大多数法官都非专业人员选择为他们的经验和知识社会,由中央政府任命的一个委员会的建议,被称为<span id="ref990932"></span>爱尔兰总督的咨询委员会,为特定县坐。地方法官,他们参加了一个合法合格的职员,开发重要的经验,他们的工作,但他们并不认为是专业人士。在大城市有专业、合法合格的法官,被称为<span id="ref990933"></span>有俸给的法官。澳门法官可以独自坐着,但法官只能坐的长椅上躺着两个或两个以上。治安法院提交更严重的犯罪活动的试验<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/murder-crime" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">谋杀< /a>,<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/rape-crime" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">强奸< /a>,抢劫<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/Crown-Court" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">刑事法庭< /a>系统。这些法院由一个<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/judge-law" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">法官< /a>和12个陪审团成员从公众中选择。上诉的治安法院的判决也听到了<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="Crown" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary/Crown" data-type="EB">皇冠< /a>法院。< /p>  <span class="marker p2"></span>  <span class="marker AM2 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD2 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">审判程序在美国一直遵循一个模式来自英语传统和原则有许多变化。检察官(地区检察官),作为法庭上的关键人物,建立<span id="ref990934"></span>费用,进而可以确定被告是否出现在一个较低的法院(处理轻罪)或更高一级的法院(处理重罪)。被告提出保释在大多数情况下,但没有公布,除非他与法院现金或存款安全的形式债券,通常由一位奴隶指控发布债券的数量的比例。在一些州已经发布一个被告没有共同债券<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/recognizance" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">保证书< /a>。的<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/grand-jury" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">大陪审团< /a>检查生成的证据<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/prosecutor" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">检察官< /a>如果必要,返回一个<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/indictment" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">起诉书< /a>对被告,在美国的法律体系中扮演着重要角色。的<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="deliberations" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary/deliberations" data-type="EB">审议< /a>大陪审团前和程序通常在私下进行。案件在审判法院时,通常的基础上解决<span id="ref990935"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/plea-bargaining" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">辩诉交易< /a>检察官和辩护律师之间,由被告恳求有罪的指控和检察官建议<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/sentence-law" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">句子< /a>事先已经约定。辩诉交易可以采取许多其他形式,更容易接受<a href="//www.rctutku.com/place/United-States" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">美国< /a>比大多数普通法国家;基本规则,旨在确保公平交易的指控,管理请求安排。在陪审团庭审,美国和英语系统的一个重要区别是,律师在美国允许问题潜在的陪审员关于他们的信仰和态度,以排除那些可能<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="biased" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biased" data-type="MW">有偏见的< /a>对他们的客户。< /p>  <span class="marker p3"></span>  <span class="marker AM3 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD3 mod-inline"></span> </section> <span id="ref261349" data-level="2"></span> <section id="ref261352" data-level="3"> <h2 class="h3"><span id="ref990947"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/sentence-law" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">量刑< /a></h2> <p class="topic-paragraph">在英美国家的法律传统,量刑是一个函数分开有罪或无罪的决心。在美国的一些地区,陪审团确定句子;在资本的情况下,<span id="ref990954"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/Supreme-Court-of-the-United-States" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">美国最高法院< /a>在2002年裁定只有陪审团将决定是否应该判被告<span id="ref990955"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/capital-punishment" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">执行< /a>。通常,然而,判决是法官的责任。大多数系统传统上给了法官相当大的自由裁量权决定的<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/punishment" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">点球< /a>实施(例如,监禁、罚款或缓刑)及其严重程度。这种自由裁量权促使抱怨差异在句子不同的罪犯和任意性和特质在个别法官的决定。许多观察人士认为这句话对一个罪犯更多的取决于主审法官而不是进攻的严重性或存在的<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="mitigating" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mitigating" data-type="MW">减轻< /a>环境。< /p>  <span class="marker p4"></span>  <span class="marker AM4 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD4 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">为了应对这些担忧,联邦系统和一些<span id="ref990956"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/state-government" class="md-crosslink">系统状态< /a>美国制定量刑指南,开窄范围的句子,要求法官提供书面理由发出一个句子以外的指导方针的处方。国家在1980年代初开始制定量刑指南,而联邦量刑指南制度于1987年生效。表中给出的指南通常是,句子根据指定范围相对狭窄的严重性进攻和被告之前记录的长度。然而,在<em><span id="ref990957"></span>美国< /em>v。<em>布克< /em>(2005)<span id="ref990971"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/Supreme-Court-of-the-United-States" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">美国最高法院< /a>发现,法官不能用事实没有证明在审判期间为了<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="enhance" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/enhance" data-type="MW">增强< /a>一个句子。在实践中,这意味着该指南被认为是自由而不是mandatory-i.e。,法官使用它们作为起点在确定一个句子。< /p>  <span class="marker p5"></span>  <span class="marker AM5 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD5 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">许多地方也有<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="implemented" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/implemented" data-type="MW">实现< /a><span id="ref990961"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/mandatory-sentence" class="md-crosslink">强制性的句子< /a>,删除任何司法自由裁量权。一个受欢迎的类型的强制性的句子所描述的“<span id="ref990962"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/three-strikes-law" class="md-crosslink">三振出局< /a>和你出去”;即。,a defendant receives an extended or even a life sentence upon<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="conviction" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conviction" data-type="MW">信念< /a>第三个<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/felony" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">重罪< /a>。强制性的句子,特别是“三振出局法”,被批评为过于严厉的在特定情况下,比如25年生活的句子<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/prison" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">监狱< /a>罪的<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/theft" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">盗窃< /a>。然而,2003年,美国最高法院坚持了这样的句子在两个单独的情况下。< /p>  <span class="marker p6"></span>  <span class="marker AM6 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD6 mod-inline"></span> </section> </section> <section id="ref53445" data-level="2"> <h2 class="h2">大陆<span id="ref990963"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Europe" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">欧洲< /a></h2> <p class="topic-paragraph">作为欧洲大陆的大部分国家基本法律制度<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/civil-law-Romano-Germanic" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">民法< /a>,他们遵循刑事诉讼的方法非常不同于那些在普通法国家。通常描述为<span id="ref990939"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/inquisitorial-procedure" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">调查过程< /a>,这种方法强调法官的角色。在欧洲许多国家(以及法系国家在拉丁美洲)也保持完整的原则,或强制性,正式起诉,这意味着检察官没有自由裁量权。至少在理论上,检察官必须起诉任何罪行,他们的注意力,据信的<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/law" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">法律< /a>,不顾公众<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="sentiment" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sentiment" data-type="MW">情绪< /a>。(然而,即使在这些国家,检察官一定锻炼至少有一些自由裁量权)。法官通常是负责调用和询问证人,这个过程并不是分为截然不同的两个阶段审判和判决。法庭可能由几个法官,或结合法官和陪审员,故意在信念和句子。证据的规则一般是限制较少;材料将被考虑<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/hearsay" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">传闻< /a>在普通法国家通常承认,和被告之前记录的信息是可用的法庭。此外,大多数国家<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="utilizing" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary/utilizing" data-type="EB">利用< /a>民法不允许信念的基础上的<span id="ref990964"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/guilt-law" class="md-crosslink">有罪< /a>。尽管被告可能愿意承认罪行,法院仍然需要调查证据充分。民事和普通法程序的另一个主要区别是,民法法系国家的法庭的决定通常是伴随着声明reasons-unlike普通法判决,通常简单地宣布被告人的有罪或无罪释放。关于量刑,法系国家确定的法律处罚相当多的细节和整个刑事犯罪的范围相当大的特异性,所以法官有很少的自由裁量权。< /p>  <span class="marker p7"></span>  <span class="marker AM7 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD7 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">法系机构不平行<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/common-law" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">普通法< /a>是<span id="ref990965"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/French-law" class="md-crosslink">法国的< /a>统一的地方行政长官,其成员包括法官和原告律师。原告律师和法官为国家工作<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/justice-social-concept" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">正义< /a>部,其中央政府也是一个统一的地方行政长官的一部分。原告律师接受相同的培训作为法官,他们的主要责任是寻求<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="justice" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/justice" data-type="MW">正义< /a>而不是仅仅一个信念。< /p>  <span class="marker p8"></span>  <span class="marker AM8 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD8 mod-inline"></span> <span class="md-signature"><a href="//www.rctutku.com/contributor/David-A-Thomas/2942">大卫·a·托马斯。< /a></span> <span class="md-signature"><a href="//www.rctutku.com/contributor/Thomas-J-Bernard/5353">托马斯·伯纳德< /a></span> </section> <section id="ref261353" data-level="2"> <h2 class="h2"><span id="ref990952"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Russia" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">俄罗斯< /a></h2> <p class="topic-paragraph">在俄罗斯1722年,沙皇彼得我创建了一个“<span id="ref990966"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/procuracy" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">代理权< /a>“办公室不仅起诉,还负责监督整个刑事司法系统,包括<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/police" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">警察< /a>和法院。系统于1864年改革,检察权又局限于案件的起诉。一个独立的<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/judiciary" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">司法< /a>和由陪审团审判也制定了1864年的改革,但之后就被淘汰了<a href="//www.rctutku.com/event/Russian-Revolution" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">1917年的俄国革命< /a>。的<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/procuracy" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">代理权< /a>是在<span id="ref990967"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/Soviet-law" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">苏联< /a>期间,当检察官成为整个司法系统的中心管理员。试验是由一个小组组成的一个职业法官和两个“人民陪审员,“所有人都由当地共产党官员任命。< /p>  <span class="marker p9"></span>  <span class="marker AM9 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD9 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">的<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="contemporary" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary/contemporary" data-type="EB">当代< /a>俄罗斯法院系统是基于民法。后的<a href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Soviet-Union" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">苏联< /a>1991年,法律通过对确保法官的独立性从当地政治和恢复由陪审团审判。检察监督法院也被淘汰,但检方仍然保持相当的广泛权力。< /p>  <span class="marker p10"></span>  <span class="marker AM10 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD10 mod-inline"></span> <span class="md-signature"><a href="//www.rctutku.com/contributor/Thomas-J-Bernard/5353">托马斯·伯纳德< /a></span> </section> <section id="ref53451" data-level="2"> <h2 class="h2"><span id="ref990968"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/Shariah" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">伊斯兰教< /a>国家< /h2> <p class="topic-paragraph">一些伊斯兰国家英国和法国殖民遗产的过程采用殖民统治的国家。例如,<span id="ref990941"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Pakistan" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">巴基斯坦< /a>最初,它继承了<span id="ref990970"></span>印度的《刑事诉讼法》,采取了敌对的系统类似于英格兰。双方在审判他们的口头辩论一个公正的法官,和有一个<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="competent" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary/competent" data-type="EB">主管< /a>并从排名选择法官的独立的酒吧。普通法院是辅以特殊的伊斯兰法庭和法官从1980年开始。< /p>  <span class="marker p11"></span>  <span class="marker AM11 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD11 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">相比之下,《刑事诉讼法》<span id="ref990942"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Egypt" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">埃及< /a>采用一个调查系统,普遍反映,法国。法官有高度的权力问题,进行干预,并确定程序的方法。埃及也建立了<span id="ref990943"></span>Niyaba,州检察官制度非常类似的法国统一的地方行政长官。埃及法官,不像英语和巴基斯坦同行,往往是职业官员。< /p>  <span class="marker p12"></span>  <span class="marker AM12 am-inline"></span>  <span class="marker MOD12 mod-inline"></span> <p class="topic-paragraph">在伊斯兰国家,普通刑事法庭通常辅以警察法院倾向于处理较轻的刑事犯罪,<a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/armed-force" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">军事< /a>影响安全和军事法庭,听到问题很重要。的国家(例如,<a href="//www.rctutku.com/place/Saudi-Arabia" class="md-crosslink autoxref" data-show-preview="true">沙特阿拉伯< /a>法律制度主要是和伊朗)<a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="derived" href="//www.rctutku.com/dictionary/derived" data-type="EB">派生的< /a>从<span id="ref990940"></span><a href="//www.rctutku.com/topic/Shariah" class="md-crosslink" data-show-preview="true">莎丽ʿ啊< /a>(传统伊斯兰法律),伊斯兰法官<span id="ref990944">< /< /span></p> </section> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </body> </html>