研究的原因和影响从泰坦尼克号的引人注目的冰山和沉没在大西洋
泰坦尼克号的概述。
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成绩单
英国豪华客轮,泰坦尼克号是一座冰山,在处女航中沉没于4月15日,1912年,超过1500人死亡。第一次世界大战前夕,这个悲剧震惊了世界,挑战很多关于技术、旧思想进步和现代生活。
第一艘客轮出现在1840年代,在钢铁等主要工业技术的发展和蒸汽动力。在海上,这些新船的速度、容量和大尺寸创建了一个便宜的国际旅行和运输市场。到1900年代初,跨大西洋客运贸易的利润很高,竞争激烈。两条线:丘纳德公司和白星航运公司,被锁在这个有利可图的业务控制的全面战争。丘纳德公司推出了毛里塔尼亚和卢西塔尼亚号,1907年,世界上最快的船。白星航运公司需要新的竞争。白星航运公司的主席,j . Bruce Ismay安排了公司的销售j.p.摩根在1902年。这使Ismay,摩根,一个名叫威廉•詹姆斯Pirrie贝尔法斯特造船公司主席哈兰德和沃尔夫,一起在一个公司。Ismay然后Pirrie见面吃饭,1907年设计了一个计划的速度击败丘纳德公司豪华-新奥运级别衬垫奥运Brittanic,《泰坦尼克号》。奥运建设始于1908年12月16日,《泰坦尼克号》后不久。 The ships were designed by Thomas Andrews of Harlan and Wolff, who also happened to be the nephew of William James Pirrie. Andrews had started as an apprentice and worked his way to head designer, gaining a reputation for innovative designs. Titanic and Olympic were marvels of engineering. Titanic displaced 52,000 tons and was 882 feet long. The ships were so powerful that they both were nearly destroyed in port when the vortex created by their engines sucked in nearby ships. Much attention was paid to the 16 watertight compartments that would theoretically protect the ship from flooding. This led many at the time to claim Titanic was unsinkable. Titanic was launched from the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast, Northern Ireland, on May 31, 1911. For the next year, Titanic was 'fitted out' - the interior work was started and the engine machinery was loaded into the ship. For Titanic's high-stakes maiden voyage, Ismay chose captain Edward J. Smith, the former captain of the Olympic known as "the millionaires captain" for his reputation among wealthy passengers. Under Smith's watch, Titanic set out for its maiden voyage from Southampton on April 10th, 1912. That night, the ship stopped in Cherbourg, France, where supplies and passengers, including John Jacob Astor and Molly Brown, were ferried aboard, because Titanic was too large for the city's port. After a final stop in Queenstown, Ireland, Titanic set sail for New York City, carrying some 2,200 people.
在海上,泰坦尼克号的力量,速度,和豪华承诺的设计师。涡轮发动机开着船的主要在两个往复式发动机驱动的螺旋桨推进器。每个发动机能产生15000马力。这些发动机是由29个锅炉,它包含三个或三个以上每个熔炉。大约600吨煤送入炉子每天由一组工人在锅炉房称为修剪机。锅炉房发泄到泰坦尼克号的巨大的漏斗,其中一个是功能性,包括审美原因。许多公司远洋班轮运输他们的货物,和泰坦尼克号的货物清单包括63例香槟,兔毛的15例,2例落地式大摆钟,雷诺汽车。皇家邮政船泰坦尼克号,也为英国政府运送邮件。5邮政工人在收发室排序3400袋和700万的邮件。壁球场,游泳池,和土耳其浴仅为头等舱乘客。泰坦尼克号的加热池是世界上第一个32英尺到13。 The hospital was more advanced than most on land, with two full-time doctors and a surgery room. First class passengers could also enjoy a-la-carte dining from cafes and restaurants above deck. Classes were kept separate on board. Third class rooms accommodated up to six people and were located on the lower levels. Second class passengers had single or double rooms in the center of the ship. First class rooms were luxuriously appointed, with telephones and heaters. Titanic's four parlor suites included sitting rooms, bedrooms, and private promenade decks. The first-class dining room was decorated in the Jacobin style, while the lounge was modeled on the palace of Versailles. The grand staircase was titanic's most iconic feature and had a steel-and-glass domed ceiling depicting the figures of Honor and Glory crowning Time. Titanic's wireless was one of the most powerful at sea, with a range up to 2,500 miles. Throughout the voyage, the operators Jack Phillips and Harold Bride have been receiving regular iceberg warnings, many of which are passed to the bridge. However, the wireless operators work for the Marconi Company, and their primary purpose is to relay passengers’ messages.
4月14日晚,泰坦尼克号进入水域已知冰山。史密斯略有改变课程,转南,可保持高速22节。在9:40点附近Mesaba发送警告的冰原,但这个消息没有传送到桥上。下午于10:55加州发送的话,它已经停止后被冰包围。无线运营商菲利普斯正忙着处理乘客信息,骂的加州打断他。11点,泰坦尼克史密斯并没有放缓。一些幸存者称这是伊斯梅的要求——他想提前一天到达而成为报纸的头条新闻。然而,新的研究提供了另一种理论:孤独的煤炭消防员生存沉没在1912年证实,火灾肆虐在泰坦尼克号的锅炉房好几天——因为之前船第一次离开。而不是第三次推迟的处女航,史密斯决定启航,消防员在海上战斗大火,这在当时并不罕见。相信这次机载火是什么迫使史密斯帆这么快,甚至可能削弱了泰坦尼克号的船体。 At 11:40 PM, 400 nautical miles south of Newfoundland, an iceberg is spotted. The first officer orders the ship hard-a-starboard and reverses the engines, which actually slows Titanic's turning speed. Titanic's starboard side scrapes the iceberg, rupturing 5 watertight compartments below the waterline. It is believed that a higher-speed collision would have caused more damage to fewer compartments, and Titanic would have survived. But ship designer Andrews knows immediately that with more than 4 watertight compartments filled, Titanic will founder. The watertight compartments extend only to E deck, and the water will eventually spill over. Smith orders the wireless operators to send distress signals, but does not order a general alarm. Titanic's sister Olympic responds, but at over 500 miles away won't make it to Titanic in time. At 12:15 AM, The Mount Temple responds. It's 50 miles away and speeds to Titanic, but is stopped by an ice field. At 12:20 AM, the Carpathia hears the call. However, the slower ship is 58 miles away, and it will take over 3 hours to reach Titanic. The Russian steamer Birma is 70 miles away when it hears Titanic's SOS, also too far. As Titanic sinks, the crew spots a ship on the horizon. However this mystery ship does not respond to messages or approach the sinking liner. It is believed this was the Sampson, a Norwegian boat that was in the area illegally hunting seals. The nearby Californian is Titanic's last hope, but the wireless is turned off. The crew wakes Captain Stanley Lord when they see Titanic's emergency flares, but he orders them to respond using the morse lamp instead of the wireless. They will not hear a response from Titanic.
与此同时,泰坦尼克号开始发射救生艇,妇女和儿童。但是没有一个通用报警,许多甲板下面的乘客甚至不知道什么是错的。泰坦尼克号有20救生艇,足够的为1178人,其中一半多一点。然而救生艇演习当天早些时候取消了,船只和船员错误的印象没有weight-tested据说ismay,尽管他们在贝尔法斯特。所以already-too-few救生艇推出某些时刻,平均只有60%。泰坦尼克号的船头充满水,船体开始上升的海洋。18点,泰坦尼克号分裂成两半。20分以下船尾下沉海洋,使超过1500人陷入冰冷的水。那些救生艇害怕淹没,等待回报。他们做的时候,68%的人在泰坦尼克号已经死亡。 45% of first and second class passengers, 75% of third class passengers, and 78% of the crew perished at sea.
为止来到神木县,泰坦尼克号沉没后大约一个小时,营救705名幸存者从救生艇。4月18日,泰坦尼克号的幸存者抵达纽约,受到大规模的人群。泰坦尼克号沉没的消息已经传遍全球,与船舶相关的悲剧的魅力放大和它的处女航,和死亡的许多时代最富有和最著名的人,包括约翰·雅各布·阿斯特尔估计,依施特劳斯,梅西总统和他的妻子艾达。Ida施特劳斯拒绝离开她丈夫的身边,而依了坐她旁边救生艇,他拒绝把它当妇女和儿童仍在。泰坦尼克号的船长史密斯和设计师安德鲁也死于泰坦尼克号。然而其他人,像j . Bruce Ismay在救生艇幸存下来并被媒体因此诋毁。美国和英国政府调查沉没。美国参议院调查是由密歇根州参议员威廉·奥尔登史密斯和采访了80名幸存者。指责英国贸易委员会没有调节上救生艇的数量和怀疑的距离声称加州的船员。由于沉没,船一直为所有旅客必须持有足够的救生艇,保持24小时广播手表,和创建一个新的国际冰山监测服务。 The sinking of the Titanic had little averse impact on Harland and Wolff. The Olympic's watertight doors were extended up to B deck, and the ship served as a troop transport in WWI. A third ship, Brittanic, replaced Titanic, but was sunk after striking a mine in 1916. J. Bruce Ismay retired in shame a year after the sinking. Then in 1935, the White Star Line was acquired by longtime competitor Cunard. Titanic remained firmly entrenched in the popular imagination, though interest would wane over time. Then, in 1985, famed oceanographer Robert Ballard announced the discovery of the wreck of Titanic. Titanic became a testing ground for Argo, a cutting-edge submersible equipped with a remote control camera. On September 1st, 1985 the first underwater images of Titanic were recorded. The wreckage has been populated by rusticles, which, over time, will slowly dissolve the ship. Titanic rests on the ocean floor 13 miles away from its last reported coordinates.
第一艘客轮出现在1840年代,在钢铁等主要工业技术的发展和蒸汽动力。在海上,这些新船的速度、容量和大尺寸创建了一个便宜的国际旅行和运输市场。到1900年代初,跨大西洋客运贸易的利润很高,竞争激烈。两条线:丘纳德公司和白星航运公司,被锁在这个有利可图的业务控制的全面战争。丘纳德公司推出了毛里塔尼亚和卢西塔尼亚号,1907年,世界上最快的船。白星航运公司需要新的竞争。白星航运公司的主席,j . Bruce Ismay安排了公司的销售j.p.摩根在1902年。这使Ismay,摩根,一个名叫威廉•詹姆斯Pirrie贝尔法斯特造船公司主席哈兰德和沃尔夫,一起在一个公司。Ismay然后Pirrie见面吃饭,1907年设计了一个计划的速度击败丘纳德公司豪华-新奥运级别衬垫奥运Brittanic,《泰坦尼克号》。奥运建设始于1908年12月16日,《泰坦尼克号》后不久。 The ships were designed by Thomas Andrews of Harlan and Wolff, who also happened to be the nephew of William James Pirrie. Andrews had started as an apprentice and worked his way to head designer, gaining a reputation for innovative designs. Titanic and Olympic were marvels of engineering. Titanic displaced 52,000 tons and was 882 feet long. The ships were so powerful that they both were nearly destroyed in port when the vortex created by their engines sucked in nearby ships. Much attention was paid to the 16 watertight compartments that would theoretically protect the ship from flooding. This led many at the time to claim Titanic was unsinkable. Titanic was launched from the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast, Northern Ireland, on May 31, 1911. For the next year, Titanic was 'fitted out' - the interior work was started and the engine machinery was loaded into the ship. For Titanic's high-stakes maiden voyage, Ismay chose captain Edward J. Smith, the former captain of the Olympic known as "the millionaires captain" for his reputation among wealthy passengers. Under Smith's watch, Titanic set out for its maiden voyage from Southampton on April 10th, 1912. That night, the ship stopped in Cherbourg, France, where supplies and passengers, including John Jacob Astor and Molly Brown, were ferried aboard, because Titanic was too large for the city's port. After a final stop in Queenstown, Ireland, Titanic set sail for New York City, carrying some 2,200 people.
在海上,泰坦尼克号的力量,速度,和豪华承诺的设计师。涡轮发动机开着船的主要在两个往复式发动机驱动的螺旋桨推进器。每个发动机能产生15000马力。这些发动机是由29个锅炉,它包含三个或三个以上每个熔炉。大约600吨煤送入炉子每天由一组工人在锅炉房称为修剪机。锅炉房发泄到泰坦尼克号的巨大的漏斗,其中一个是功能性,包括审美原因。许多公司远洋班轮运输他们的货物,和泰坦尼克号的货物清单包括63例香槟,兔毛的15例,2例落地式大摆钟,雷诺汽车。皇家邮政船泰坦尼克号,也为英国政府运送邮件。5邮政工人在收发室排序3400袋和700万的邮件。壁球场,游泳池,和土耳其浴仅为头等舱乘客。泰坦尼克号的加热池是世界上第一个32英尺到13。 The hospital was more advanced than most on land, with two full-time doctors and a surgery room. First class passengers could also enjoy a-la-carte dining from cafes and restaurants above deck. Classes were kept separate on board. Third class rooms accommodated up to six people and were located on the lower levels. Second class passengers had single or double rooms in the center of the ship. First class rooms were luxuriously appointed, with telephones and heaters. Titanic's four parlor suites included sitting rooms, bedrooms, and private promenade decks. The first-class dining room was decorated in the Jacobin style, while the lounge was modeled on the palace of Versailles. The grand staircase was titanic's most iconic feature and had a steel-and-glass domed ceiling depicting the figures of Honor and Glory crowning Time. Titanic's wireless was one of the most powerful at sea, with a range up to 2,500 miles. Throughout the voyage, the operators Jack Phillips and Harold Bride have been receiving regular iceberg warnings, many of which are passed to the bridge. However, the wireless operators work for the Marconi Company, and their primary purpose is to relay passengers’ messages.
4月14日晚,泰坦尼克号进入水域已知冰山。史密斯略有改变课程,转南,可保持高速22节。在9:40点附近Mesaba发送警告的冰原,但这个消息没有传送到桥上。下午于10:55加州发送的话,它已经停止后被冰包围。无线运营商菲利普斯正忙着处理乘客信息,骂的加州打断他。11点,泰坦尼克史密斯并没有放缓。一些幸存者称这是伊斯梅的要求——他想提前一天到达而成为报纸的头条新闻。然而,新的研究提供了另一种理论:孤独的煤炭消防员生存沉没在1912年证实,火灾肆虐在泰坦尼克号的锅炉房好几天——因为之前船第一次离开。而不是第三次推迟的处女航,史密斯决定启航,消防员在海上战斗大火,这在当时并不罕见。相信这次机载火是什么迫使史密斯帆这么快,甚至可能削弱了泰坦尼克号的船体。 At 11:40 PM, 400 nautical miles south of Newfoundland, an iceberg is spotted. The first officer orders the ship hard-a-starboard and reverses the engines, which actually slows Titanic's turning speed. Titanic's starboard side scrapes the iceberg, rupturing 5 watertight compartments below the waterline. It is believed that a higher-speed collision would have caused more damage to fewer compartments, and Titanic would have survived. But ship designer Andrews knows immediately that with more than 4 watertight compartments filled, Titanic will founder. The watertight compartments extend only to E deck, and the water will eventually spill over. Smith orders the wireless operators to send distress signals, but does not order a general alarm. Titanic's sister Olympic responds, but at over 500 miles away won't make it to Titanic in time. At 12:15 AM, The Mount Temple responds. It's 50 miles away and speeds to Titanic, but is stopped by an ice field. At 12:20 AM, the Carpathia hears the call. However, the slower ship is 58 miles away, and it will take over 3 hours to reach Titanic. The Russian steamer Birma is 70 miles away when it hears Titanic's SOS, also too far. As Titanic sinks, the crew spots a ship on the horizon. However this mystery ship does not respond to messages or approach the sinking liner. It is believed this was the Sampson, a Norwegian boat that was in the area illegally hunting seals. The nearby Californian is Titanic's last hope, but the wireless is turned off. The crew wakes Captain Stanley Lord when they see Titanic's emergency flares, but he orders them to respond using the morse lamp instead of the wireless. They will not hear a response from Titanic.
与此同时,泰坦尼克号开始发射救生艇,妇女和儿童。但是没有一个通用报警,许多甲板下面的乘客甚至不知道什么是错的。泰坦尼克号有20救生艇,足够的为1178人,其中一半多一点。然而救生艇演习当天早些时候取消了,船只和船员错误的印象没有weight-tested据说ismay,尽管他们在贝尔法斯特。所以already-too-few救生艇推出某些时刻,平均只有60%。泰坦尼克号的船头充满水,船体开始上升的海洋。18点,泰坦尼克号分裂成两半。20分以下船尾下沉海洋,使超过1500人陷入冰冷的水。那些救生艇害怕淹没,等待回报。他们做的时候,68%的人在泰坦尼克号已经死亡。 45% of first and second class passengers, 75% of third class passengers, and 78% of the crew perished at sea.
为止来到神木县,泰坦尼克号沉没后大约一个小时,营救705名幸存者从救生艇。4月18日,泰坦尼克号的幸存者抵达纽约,受到大规模的人群。泰坦尼克号沉没的消息已经传遍全球,与船舶相关的悲剧的魅力放大和它的处女航,和死亡的许多时代最富有和最著名的人,包括约翰·雅各布·阿斯特尔估计,依施特劳斯,梅西总统和他的妻子艾达。Ida施特劳斯拒绝离开她丈夫的身边,而依了坐她旁边救生艇,他拒绝把它当妇女和儿童仍在。泰坦尼克号的船长史密斯和设计师安德鲁也死于泰坦尼克号。然而其他人,像j . Bruce Ismay在救生艇幸存下来并被媒体因此诋毁。美国和英国政府调查沉没。美国参议院调查是由密歇根州参议员威廉·奥尔登史密斯和采访了80名幸存者。指责英国贸易委员会没有调节上救生艇的数量和怀疑的距离声称加州的船员。由于沉没,船一直为所有旅客必须持有足够的救生艇,保持24小时广播手表,和创建一个新的国际冰山监测服务。 The sinking of the Titanic had little averse impact on Harland and Wolff. The Olympic's watertight doors were extended up to B deck, and the ship served as a troop transport in WWI. A third ship, Brittanic, replaced Titanic, but was sunk after striking a mine in 1916. J. Bruce Ismay retired in shame a year after the sinking. Then in 1935, the White Star Line was acquired by longtime competitor Cunard. Titanic remained firmly entrenched in the popular imagination, though interest would wane over time. Then, in 1985, famed oceanographer Robert Ballard announced the discovery of the wreck of Titanic. Titanic became a testing ground for Argo, a cutting-edge submersible equipped with a remote control camera. On September 1st, 1985 the first underwater images of Titanic were recorded. The wreckage has been populated by rusticles, which, over time, will slowly dissolve the ship. Titanic rests on the ocean floor 13 miles away from its last reported coordinates.